Journal Of Agriculture, Forestry & Environment
The Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Environment (JAFE) is an international journal that is aimed at publishing quality research articles and reviews. The journal accepts articles only in English. It is a double blind peer-reviewed publication of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria. Special attention is paid to in-depth and enhanced service and development. Subject areas covered but not limited to include Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, Crop Science, Food Science and Technology, Soil Science and Agricultural Mechanization, Animal Science, Horticulture, Environmental Science, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management.
Enhancing Market Performance Of Fish Produce In Port Harcourt, Nigeria: The Impact Of Agro-Branding, Packaging And Distribution
This study investigates the impact of Product Packaging (PP) and Distribution (DT) on the market performance of fish products in Port Harcourt and Obio/Akpor Local Government Areas. The study adopted descriptive survey design. The sample size was 200 fish marketers. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis at a 0.05 significance level with the aid of SPSS Version 25. The findings reveal that Product Packaging significantly influenced Sales Volume by 37.2%, while Distribution contributed 42.1%, explaining 81.3% of the variation in Sales Volume (R² = 0.813). Additionally, Product Packaging impacted Profitability by 39.8%, while Distribution contributed 36.2%, accounting for 83.7% of the variation in Profitability (R² = 0.837). The strong correlation (R = 0.902 for Sales Volume and R = 0.915 for Profitability) confirms that packaging enhances product appeal and consumer preference, while effective distribution optimizes accessibility and revenue generation. The study concludes that well-structured packaging and efficient distribution strategies significantly enhance market performance. It recommends that fish marketers adopt innovative packaging, invest in distribution infrastructure, and implement supply chain optimization techniques to maximize competitiveness and profitability in the fisheries sector.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effect of processing on the proximate and phytochemical compositions of sun-dried dandelion (taraxacum officinale) leaf meal
This study evaluated the proximate and phytochemical compositions of sun-dried Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) leaf meal (DLM) subjected to blanching (1.5–4.5 minutes) and soaking (1–3 hours) to assess its potential as a livestock feed supplement. Proximate analysis revealed that crude protein (12.11–17.50%) and ether extract (1.64–4.50%) declined significantly (p<0.05) with prolonged blanching, while nitrogen-free extract increased (46.50–57.28%). Moisture content decreased with processing, but dry matter and gross energy remained stable. Metabolizable energy (2596.57–2666.35 kcal/kg) was highest in untreated controls. Phytochemical screening showed higher bioactive compound retention in ethanol extracts than aqueous extracts. Alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and polyphenols were strongly present in controls but degraded with processing, particularly under extended blanching (B3). Quantitative analysis confirmed significant losses (p<0.05): alkaloids (1.10% to 0.04%), flavonoids (1.50% to 0.03%), and polyphenols (3.00% to 0.05%) in B3. Soaking (S1) preserved more phytochemicals than blanching, suggesting lower temperature processing better retains nutraceutical value. The study concludes that sun-dried DLM is a nutritionally rich feed resource, but processing methods critically impact its composition. Unprocessed or short-duration soaking is recommended to maximize retention of proteins, lipids, and bioactive compounds, while prolonged blanching should be avoided due to nutrient leaching and thermal degradation. These findings support DLM’s potential as a sustainable, low-cost feed supplement, provided optimal processing techniques are employed.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Forest biomass and carbon content of rubber-tree plantations in iyanomo rainforest ecosystem, nigeria
Deforestation leads to loss of carbon stocks from terrestrial ecosystems and emission of CO2 into the atmosphere, contributing significantly to the climate change problem. Afforestation has been advocated to augment the tree-deficit situation on the earth; but plantations of tree species that will provide both socio-economic and environmental benefits should be considered. This study, to determine whether rubber-tree plantations can provide carbon sinks for mitigating climate change, was conducted at Iyanomo where rubber-tree stands of different age levels and a reference natural forest stand were used as experimental treatments. From each of the rubber-tree stand, 1ha was marked out and sub-divided into 25 temporary plots (20 x 20 m2 quadrants), after which 4 permanent sampling plots were randomly selected. Also, from the reference natural forest, 1 ha marked out was sub-divided into 10 temporary plots (50 x 20 m2 quadrants) from which 4 permanent sampling plots were randomly selected to collect data including diameter at breast height (DBH) and total heights of trees. Soil samples from the natural forest and rubber-tree plantations were tested for organic carbon content, bulk density and particle size distribution. Results: organic carbon contents of soils under the rubber-tree plantations and the natural forest were not significantly different in the study area (P > 0.05). Total biomass carbon stock (214.2 Mg/ha) for rubber-tree plantation aged 25 years was comparable with that of the reference natural forest (212.7 Mg/ha). Conclusion: rubber-tree plantations, if well-managed on long rotation periods, can provide significant carbon sinks for mitigating climate change.
Treatment and characterization of domestic greywater using simple techniques for home-garden irrigation in samaru-zaria, nigeria
In response to increasing global water scarcity, greywater irrigation presents an innovative approach to conserving freshwater resources. This study evaluated the suitability of reusing domestic wastewater for home-garden irrigation. Five greywater sources—borehole, bathroom, washing machine, kitchen sink, and floor-cleaning water—and five locally available treatment media—coconut shell, sand, pebble, activated charcoal, and sawdust—were arranged in a completely randomized design, producing twenty-five treatments. Greywater treatment involved simple physical filtration using disposable plastic bottles with perforated bases. Ion concentrations analyzed included Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺, while pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) served as assessment indices. Bathroom greywater recorded the lowest SAR values (7.6–13), and pebble-treated greywater produced the lowest SAR among all treatments. Sodium exhibited the highest concentration across all greywater sources, following the trend Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > K⁺ > Mg²⁺. Sodium removal efficiencies ranged from 1.4% to 38.4%, with the highest removal observed in bathroom greywater treated with sand, and the lowest in kitchen-sink greywater treated with coconut shell. Findings indicate that the simple treatment methods performed best on greywater with relatively low ion concentrations. Although these low-cost techniques are practical and accessible, advanced treatment systems remain necessary for optimal greywater purification for irrigation. Nevertheless, in the absence of advanced systems, bathroom greywater treated with pebbles or sand can be safely utilized for home-garden irrigation.
Effect of palm oil mill effluent conditioned by organic amendments on physicochemical properties of selected soils in aluu, port harcourt.
Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is a high-strength organic waste that poses significant environmental risks, particularly in regions where untreated discharge into terrestrial ecosystems is common. This study evaluates the impact of POME amended with organic wastes on soil physicochemical properties. The pots each containing 10 kg of soil were laid out in a factorial fitted into a completely randomized design (CRD) - six treatments with six replications giving a total of 36 experimental units. Three seeds of Amaranthus Spp. were planted. Six treatments (poultry droppings, pig droppings, cow dung, poultry + cowdung + pig dropping, soil without POME and Soil with POME) were used, each applied at 20 tha-1. The soil samples were assessed for physicochemical properties after amendment. Physicochemical properties analyzed include pH, moisture content, hydraulic conductivity, organic carbon, total nitrogen and available phosphorus. There was a significant (P<0.05) increase in soil properties by the application of treatments to the raw POME. These parameters included soil pH (5.1–6.2), phosphorus (20.10–24.00 mg/kg), organic carbon (0.4–1.6%), hydraulic conductivity (1301.92–9598.45 mm/day), moisture content (18.50–51.15%). On average, POME amended with cow dung recorded the highest values among other treatments as follows: hydraulic conductivity = 9598.45, moisture content = 51.15%, pH = 6.2 and available phosphorus = 24.0 mg/kg. These values buttress the fact that the addition of organic waste to POME soil could improve soil quality and boost its fertility for agricultural productivity
Copyright (c) 2025 Henry I. Anozie, Onyinyechi J. Kamalu, Gogo J. Arthur (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Pangasius (pangasianodon hypophthalmus): can it become nigeria’s third cultured fish?
Pangasius, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus is an emerging fast-growing and one of the most significant freshwater aquaculture species globally. This fish originates from the Mekong River Delta in Vietnam. It has gained its popularity from its fast growth rate, efficient food conversion, adaptability to different farming regimes, and market dynamics. This fish species has enjoyed farm trials in different parts of Nigeria, but yet not to be fully cultured as a commercial fish food specie. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of Pangasius fish species as a suitable aquaculture fish species, that can join Tilapia and Catfish production in Nigeria. The paper elucidates the possibilities and robust considerations for the culture of this fish as the third possible aquaculture specie next to tilapia and catfish. Amongst these are, (a) the suitability of Nigeria’s various water conditions for its growth, (b) low feed cost, (c) available human experts in fish farming of different fish species in Nigeria. The paper shows some comparative analysis between catfish and Pangasius culture in Nigeria and highlights some of the culture difficulties. The paper suggested scientific and cultural solutions that will enhance profitable culture of Pangasius in Nigeria. Having Pangasius as Nigeria’s third economic fish species (after Tilapia and Catfish) has many advantages, which include, diversification of our aquaculture industry; expansion of our fish demand market and fish species diversification.
Household dependence on forest resources in rural enclave of ago-owu, osun state, nigeria
*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="request-691f20d8-40ec-8325-9458-7449fd931a3f-8" data-testid="conversation-turn-52" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> Forest ecosystems remain vital to rural households; however, growing socio-economic pressures and weak enforcement of conservation policies have intensified resource depletion in Nigeria. This study assessed household dependence on forest resources in Ago-Owu, Osun State, focusing on utilization patterns, socio-economic drivers, and conservation awareness. Data were obtained from 120 households using structured questionnaire, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and Pearson correlation tests. The results indicated active participation of both men (n = 68) and women (n = 52) in forest-related activities, with most respondents (43%) being middle-aged (31-50 years). Educational attainment was generally low, as 62% had no formal education or only primary schooling. Most (76%) households earned between ₦200 000 and ₦400 000 (USD$ 130-270) annually. In addition, bush meat (n= 44) and fuel wood (n= 38) were the most utilized forest products, primarily for household needs (61%) such as cooking fuel, food, and shelter. Household size (r = 0.42, p < 0.05) correlated positively with forest dependence, while income (χ2= 34.612, p= 0.001) and education level (χ2= 9.434; p= 0.001) were significant determinants of resource reliance. Although, general awareness of conservation laws was moderate (58%), adoption of sustainable practices was low, with only 23% of respondents involved in tree planting and/or selective harvesting. The findings highlight the socio-economic importance of forest resources in sustaining rural households and emphasizes the need for livelihood diversification, improved forest governance, and enhanced environmental education in Ago-Owu and/or similar contexts.
Assessment of poverty status among cocoa farmers in etung local government area, cross river state, nigeria
*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="request-691f20d8-40ec-8325-9458-7449fd931a3f-5" data-testid="conversation-turn-50" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> This study assessed the poverty status of cocoa farmers in Etung Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study estimated the food and non-food expenditure of farmers, analyzed their poverty levels, and determined the factors influencing poverty. A multistage sampling procedure was employed to select 98 cocoa farmers, and primary data were obtained through structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) poverty indices, and inferential statistics. The results showed that majority (74.5%) of the respondents were male, with a mean age of 43.8 years. About 44.9% were married, with mean household size of 5 persons. The poverty headcount index was 0.327, indicating that about 33% of the farmers lived below the poverty line. The poverty gap and severity were 0.326 and 0.035, respectively, suggesting significant shortfalls in income and inequality among the poor. Logistic regression analysis revealed that age, household size, income, farm size, access to credit, and land ownership significantly influenced poverty status. The study concludes that poverty is prevalent among cocoa farmers in the area, and recommends policies aimed at improving access to credit, promoting farm expansion, and implementing social welfare programs to alleviate poverty and improve livelihoods.
Bioremediation of palm oil mill effluent (pome) contaminated soil using organic amendments
*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="1c474e62-ee5e-4c83-b52d-166e304f4868" data-testid="conversation-turn-48" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is a high-strength organic waste that poses significant environmental risks, particularly in regions where untreated discharge into terrestrial ecosystems is common. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of organic waste on bioremediation of POME. The study was a factorial experiment laid out in a completely randomized design, consisting of four treatments and two control (soil only and soil amended with POME) with six replications. Standard dilution methods were used for the isolation of bacteria and fungi. The estimation of colony forming unit per mL (cfu g-1) was assessed using 10-fold serial dilution method. The physiochemical parameters analyzed were pH, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand and total organic content using standard laboratory procedures. The results showed that the pH values of POME treated with organic amendment (6.2) was significantly higher at P˂0.05 than that of unamended POME (5.1). The organic carbon in POME amended with organic waste (1.6 %) was statistically higher at P˂0.05 than that of unamended POME (0.4 %). The BOD of the unamended POME (147.61 mg/kg) was statistically higher at P˂0.05 than combined organic amendment (123.59 mg/kg). The results indicate that combining organic treatments is more effective than single dosage in bioremediation of POME contamination. This study provides critical localized data on POME-induced soil alterations, informing future remediation strategies aimed at sustainable agro-industrial practices. Effective management of POME discharge is essential to safeguard soil health, agricultural productivity, and environmental quality in palm oil-producing regions.
Effect of sundried dandelion (taraxacum officinale) leaf meal (dlm) on growth performance, carcass traits and haematological indices of weaned rabbits
This study evaluated the effect of sun-dried dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) leaf meal (DLM) on the growth performance, carcass traits and haematological indices of weaned rabbits. Using a completely randomized design (CRD), a total of 27 weaned rabbits with a mean initial body weight of 588.75 g, were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments: T1 (0 g/kg DLM), T2 (10 g/kg DLM), and T3 (20 g/kg DLM), with each treatment having three replicates. Growth was monitored; carcass and blood indices were also determined. The feeding trial lasted for sixty-three days and the data were analyzed using one -way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The significant means were compared using the Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT). Result showed that rabbits fed 10 g/kg DLM (T2) diet exhibited significantly (p<0.05) higher final body weight (1657.00 g/rabbit), average daily weight gain (16.96 g/rabbit), and best feed conversion ratio (8.29), relative to other groups. Furthermore, rabbits on T2 showed the highest (p<0.05) live and eviscerated weights, 1540.87 and 892.00 g/rabbit, respectively. The relative cut-up parts: hind limbs, forelimbs, loin, back cut, and rack were statistically similar across the treatments. Haematological assay revealed that rabbits fed 10 g/kg DLM diet had higher (p<0.05) packed cell volume (42 42.00 %) and white blood cell counts (9.40× 10⁹/L). All haematological values remained within normal physiological limits, indicating no negative health effects from DLM inclusion. Incorporating 10 g/kg DLM in weaned rabbit diets enhanced growth, carcass traits, and blood profile. This level is recommended for practical feeding, while further research should assess long-term and reproductive effects on rabbits.
Influence of socio-economic factors on financial inclusion among rice farmers in ikwo local government area, ebonyi state, nigeria
*]:pointer-events-auto [content-visibility:auto] supports-[content-visibility:auto]:[contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="b563d5d7-c67b-4cc8-b363-5c96a5275e05" data-testid="conversation-turn-44" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> This study analyzed the influence of socio-economic factors on financial inclusion among rice farmers in Ikwo Local Government Area, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to assess the level of financial inclusion, analyze the determinants of financial inclusion, and identify the constraints militating against financial inclusion among rice farmers in the study area. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 96 respondents from a list of registered rice farmers. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Findings revealed a high level of financial inclusion among rice farmers, since majority of them (85%) owned a bank account and had access to formal financial services. The results equally showed that educational level, farming experience, farm size, and income were positive and significant factors influencing financial inclusion. Age was significant and negatively influence financial inclusion. However, high interest rates (3.7396), insufficient collateral (3.6146), and a lack of financial institutions (3.4792) were constraints militating against financial inclusion. In view of these findings, the study, therefore, recommends that stakeholders and the government should establish commercial bank branches in the study area and ensure that rice farmers access loans at concessionary interest rates. Also, there is a need to implement community-based training to educate farmers about financial services, loan processes, and credit management to increase awareness and understanding.
Low-cost fuel economy wood stoves as a renewable energy adaptation mechanism in makurdi LGA, benue state, nigeria
In recent years, the biggest threat to human life and advancement has been the occurrence of climate change. Wood stoves continue to be the main source of cooking energy in areas like Makurdi Local Government Area (LGA) in Benue State, Nigeria, where access to reasonably priced and sustainable energy is limited. But conventional wood stoves are frequently ineffective, emitting too much smoke and using a lot of fuelwoods, which increases greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation. The development and effectiveness of inexpensive, fuel-efficient wood stoves as an environmentally friendly adaptation strategy are examined in this study. Three native hardwoods—Daniella oliveri, Prosopis africana, and Terminalia superba—are evaluated for their fuel efficiency and burning qualities as treatments in fuel-efficient wood burner designs. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used to compare the variables (fuel-wood/time) in the data collected. The result shows that, treatment 3-Daniellia Oliveri recorded the highest quantity of fuel-wood used (consumption) in the two devices (close and open stove) 1.1333kg and 1.0333kg respectively. This research provides valuable insights into the potential for low-cost, fuel-efficient wood stoves to serve as an adaptive strategy in Makurdi LGA, fostering climate resilience and reducing deforestation. The adoption of these stoves could support sustainable forestry practices, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and enhance the health and economic well-being of local communities.
Determinants of poverty status among oil palm farmers in obot-akara local government area, akwa ibom state, nigeria
This study examined the determinants of poverty status among oil palm farmers in Obot-Akara Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Specifically, it estimated the food and non-food expenditure of oil palm farmers, evaluated their poverty levels, and analyzed the factors influencing poverty. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 97 oil palm farmers. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) poverty measures, and logistic regression analysis. The results revealed that most farmers (54.6%) were male with a mean age of 42 years, while 77.3% of them were married and had an average household size of six persons. The mean monthly per capita expenditure was ₦20,770.09, with two-thirds (₦13,846.73) serving as the poverty line. The poverty headcount, gap, and severity were 0.298, 0.22, and 0.07 respectively, indicating 29.8% of the farmers live below the poverty line and a significant income shortfall among poor households. Household size, education, and farm size significantly influenced poverty. It was recommended that the government invest in adult education and agricultural extension programs to promote improved farming practices and enhance productivity among oil palm farmers.
Performance and linear body measurements of WAD goats fed Panicum maximum supplemented with cassava and A spilia africana leaves
This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of feeding Panicum maximum supplemented with Aspilia africana and cassava leaves on the performance and linear body characteristics of WAD goats between 4 and 5 months of age with an average body weight of 5.5 kg. Twenty-four intact male goats were randomly allotted to four treatments with six goats per treatment in a completely randomized design. The control diet (Treatment I) was solely P. maximum (SPM); (Treatment II) P. maximum + cassava leaves (PM 50%-CL 50%); (Treatment III) P. maximum + A. africana (PM50%-AA50%); and (Treatment IV) P. maximum + A. africana + cassava leaves (PM33.3%-AA33.3%-CL33.3%), respectively. Animals were housed with concrete floor; the pens used were raised at about 1m above the floor, with each compartment measuring 1.6 × 0.94m and the experiment lasted for eight weeks. Feed intake (differences in fresh forage supplied and leftover) was obtained daily, and the weight gain and linear body parameters (using flexible measuring tape) were measured at weekly intervals. Data were analysed using GENSTAT v11 statistical package. Results showed that the mean weekly weight gain, mean daily feed intake were not significantly different (p>0.05) between the treatment groups. However, feed conversion ratio was significantly different (p<0.05). The linear body parameters were not significantly different (p>0.05), except for the height at withers. Based on the results, it was concluded that feeding goats with P. maximum should be encouraged and supplementation with cassava leaves at equal proportion (PM 50%-CL 50%) is recommended.
Phytoremediation of Crude Oil Polluted Soils Using Native plant Species, Organo-mineral fertilizer and Brassinolide in Acidic Ultisol, South- eastern Nigeria
Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to evaluate the potentials of some native plant species for phytoremediation of crude oil polluted soils. Twelve plant species (Axonopus compressus, Pennisetum purpureum (PP), Eleusine indica, Panicum maximum, Leuceana leucocephala (LL), Gliricidia sepium, Talinum fructicosum, Chromoleana odorota, Cyperus rotundus, Calapogonium mucunoides, Jatropha curcas, Centrosema pubescens) were studied under four levels of crude oil pollution (0,2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 % (w/w) using a Completely Randomized Design. Two species (PP and LL) with considerable phytoremediation potentials from the green house experiment were further studied under field condition with four levels of crude oil, organo-mineral fertilizer (OF) (5 t/ha) and brassinolide (250 ml per plant). Treatments were laid into a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Soil samples were collected and analysed for total hydrocarbon content. Results obtained from the screen house and field show that, there was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in total hydrocarbon content of the soil and an increase in its absorption by the plants. PP had the highest absorption efficiency of 79.8 %, followed by LL (61.0 %) against (41.0 %) in non-amended soils and (38.6 %) in non-vegetated soil. The possible reasons for the high uptake of petroleum hydrocarbon by these two plants were due to such mechanisms as rhizodegradation. Application of OMF acts as a nutrient source for hydrocarbon degrading microbes which help in the absorption of the pollutants from the polluted soil. Therefore, PP and LL have good potentials to phytoremediate contaminants from crude oil polluted soils and are recommended.
Influence of Tillage Practices and Nutrient Application Rates on Performance of Cassava in Coastal Plain Sand, Etinan, Akwa Ibom State
This research was conducted to assess the performance of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under two tillage practice integrated with organic and inorganic fertilizers in 2022 and 2023 cropping seasons in Etinan, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Initial soil samples were collected and analyzed for physicochemical properties. The experiment was a factorial arranged in a randomized complete block design, with treatments consisting of two tillage practices (conventional and reduced tillage), and eight fertilizer combinations (T1: NPK 15:15:15 400kgha -1 , T2: poultry manure (PM) 5 tha-1, T3: microbial fertilizer (Bio fertilizer) 40l kgha-1,T4: NPK 400 kgha-1 + PM 5 tha-1, T5: NPK 400 kgha-1 + PM 2.5 tha-1, T6: NPK 400 kgha-1 + CHC 240l kgha-1, T7: NPK 400 kgha-1 + CHC 120l kgha-1 T8: 0) replicated three times to give a total of 48 experimental units. In both cropping years, amended soils and those under different tillage methods showed significant (p < 0.05) difference in cassava P nutrient accumulation, while for cassava K and N nutrient accumulation only 2022 cropping season showed significant (p < 0.05) difference between the various treatments. The 2023 cropping year (residual effect) produced cassava with the heaviest dry roots, highest number of roots, heaviest fresh tubers and increased yield, which were associated with soil amended with NPK 15: 15: 15: 400 kgha-1 + PM 2.5 tha-1. Hence, to optimize cassava yield on coastal plain sand, the integration of NPK 15: 15: 15: at 400 kgha-1 + PM 2.5 tha-1 using conventional tillage will give a better yield.
Qualitative and quantitative assessment of antinutrient components of oyster mushroom ( Pleurotus ostreatus) stalks and almond fruit ( Prunus dulcis) hulls
This study explored the potential of oyster mushroom stalks and almond fruit hulls as alternative animal feed resources, focusing on their antinutrient components as well as to identify appropriate extracting methods. This was achieved through qualitative and quantitative assessment of antinutrients such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, oxalates and phytates. Data were statistically analyzed to validate the effectiveness of these methods and the suitability of the by-products as sustainable feed resources. The findings indicated that the studied wastes can promote environmentally friendly agricultural practices and cost-effective feed alternatives in livestock production. Almond hulls contained significant levels of saponins (4.89 g/100 g) and flavonoids (1.37 g/100 g), while mushroom stalks were notable for higher tannins (3.63 g/100 g) and alkaloids (0.97 g/100 g). Phytate and oxalate levels in both materials were within permissible limits for animal feed, indicating minimal toxicity risks. Qualitative analysis revealed that ethanol extraction was more effective for alkaloids, tannins and flavonoids in mushroom stalks, while aqueous extraction was more efficient for saponins. On the other hand, almond hulls exhibited higher tannins concentration in aqueous extracts, whereas ethanol extracts favoured saponins. The findings suggest that these by-products could be viable, sustainable alternatives in animal nutrition. The study recommends the possible use of oyster mushroom stalks and almond fruit hulls as feedstuff resources for an enhanced nutrient availability as well as using ethanol for extracting alkaloids and flavonoids and water for saponins to optimize nutrient benefits.
Synergistic effects of 2, 4-epibrassinolide and NPK fertilizer on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) growth and nutrient use efficiency in South-Eastern Nigeria
Tropical soils under high annual precipitation are often characterized by low pH, which is detrimental to crop growth. Here, we explored the optimum rate of NPK fertilizer to combine with 2,4-epibrassinolide (BR) to maximize yield, and nutrient use efficiencies (NUE) of okra on an acidic soil derived from coastal plain sands. Two BR levels [with (BR1) and without (BR0)] were studied at four NPK rates [0 kg/ha (control), 100 kg/ha, 200 kg/ha and 300 kg/ha].Soil pH, organic matter content, TN, and available P varied considerably with NPK rates, with or without BR, with the highest levels under 300 kg/ha. With or without BR, plant photosynthetically active radiation, dry matter and fruit yields increased progressively with increasing fertilizer rate. The NUE (agronomic nutrient use efficiency= 11.26 gg-1; physiological nutrient use efficiency= 8.52 g kg-1) at the 100 kg/ha rate was significantly higher than the other rates. Treatment with BR alleviated the inhibition of okra growth under acidic soil by boosting light interception (199.20 μmol m-2s-1) for improved photosynthesis and elevating soil pH for enhanced nutrient uptake. Treatment with BR could induce some tolerance of soil acidity, allowing for reasonable fruit yield up to 100 kg/ha NPK rate.
Optimizing Composting Ratios of Cassava Peels and Pig Manure for Enhanced Compost Quality
The management of agro-processing has become an environmental issue in many developing countries. This study investigated the composting of cassava peels and pig manure to produce a nutrient-rich organic amendment for enhancing soil fertility. Seven composting ratios, by weight (w/w), of cassava peels and pig manure (cassava + pig manure: 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 1:2, 1:3, and cassava peel and pig manure alone) were examined. Composting temperatures, moisture content, pH, nutrient composition, and microbial activity were monitored over 12 weeks to determine the optimal combination for optimizing nutrients in the compost. The results showed that moisture content, pH value, C:N ratio, total nitrogen, organic carbon, Ca2+, Mg2+, K2+, Na2+, bacterial and fungal colony-forming units varied among the seven composts. The cassava peel-to-pig manure ratio of 1:1 provided the most favourable conditions, with slightly higher terminal pH values of 6.6, moisture content of 30%, C:N ratio: 11.85, total nitrogen: 0.6%, organic carbon: 7.34%, Ca2+: 8.8 cmol/kg, Mg2+: 13.87 cmol/kg, K2+: 0.18 cmol/kg, Na2+: 0.14 cmol/kg, and bacteria and fungi counts of 1.88 x 106 CFU and 1.7 x 103 CFU, respectively. The compost maturity of the cassava peel-to- pig manure ratio at 1:1 ratio indicated effective decomposition. This research findings support composting these agricultural wastes, not only to reduce environmental pollution but also to provide a viable manure for soil fertility management.
Effects of banana peels, poultry and goat manures on soil properties and pepper growth in soils from two parent
A pot experiment was conducted at the Greenhouse of Teaching and Research Farm of Akwa Ibom State University, ObioAkpa Campus, to determine the effects of sole and combined applications of banana peels, poultry and goat manures on soil properties and growth of chilli pepper on soils derived from alluvium and coastal plain sand. The pots each containing 5 kg of soil were laid out in a 2 x 6 factorial fitted into a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications giving a total of 36 experimental units. Pepper seedlings at six weeks were each transplanted from the nursery to the potted soil. Six treatments (banana peels, poultry manure, goat manure, banana peels/poultry manure, banana peels/goat manure and control) were used, each applied at 20 tha-1. Results showed that both pre-experimental soils (Alluvium/Coastal Plain Sand) were loamy sand and sand with strongly acidic pH (5.4/5.2) and low total N (0.52/0.09%), available P (10.84/10.49 mgkg-1) and exchangeable K (0.15/0.09 cmolkg-1). Treatments applied significantly increased soil pH (5.98/5.78), OM (4.08/3.30%), TN (0.13/0.66%) and available P (31.81/17.77 mgkg-1), in both soil relative to control. Growth data of pepper collected at 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks after transplanting were significant in both soils relative to control. Mean fruit yield/hectare of pepper was significant when all the treatments were applied. The highest fruit yield of 1.41 tha-1 was obtained from alluvium soil treated with banana peels plus poultry manure (BPM+PLM). From the results obtained, treatments applied increased soil properties, growth and yield of pepper plants.
Analysis of Food Security and Poverty Status of Household in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State, Nigeria
A fundamental challenge the world faces today is ensuring that millions of households living in poverty have access to enough food to maintain a healthy life, information on food security and poverty are not readily available especially in Nigeria. This study analysed food security and poverty status of households in Calabar South and Calabar Municipality in Cross River State Nigeria. The specific objectives were; to determine the food security and poverty status of the households and on gender basis, compare the poverty and security level of households as well as ascertain the coping strategies adopted against food insecurity. Multistage sampling technique was used in sampling; the data were collected through structured questionnaires. Foster Greer Thorbecke (FGT) and food security index (FSI) were used to analyse poverty and food security status. The results showed that majority (67.9% and 66.7%) of the household heads were males in the study area. The food security index result showed that 55.4% and 70% of the households in Calabar South and Calabar Metropolis respectively were food secured. The poverty index showed that poverty head counts, depth and severity were 0.41, 0.115 and 0.75 and 0.43, 0.14 and 0.59 in Calabar South and Calabar Municipality respectively. While 60% and 44.4% were male of the household heads that they were food insecure in Calabar South and Calabar Municipality respectively. More so, 60% and 44.4% of the male headed household were food insecured in Calabar South and Calabar Municipality respectively. It also reveals that 39.1% and 53.8% are females while 60.9% and 46.2% are males of the household-heads that are poor in Calabar South and Calabar Municipality. The study therefore recommends that to remedy food security and poverty problem there should be sources of income for both male and female household heads to increase income. There should be interventions both money and food items based on the factors (Household heads, Female household heads) that affected poverty and food security from the results.
Ecological Survey Of Commercially Valued Rainforest Trees In Cocoa Plantations In Cross River State, Nigeria
The study was designed to identify, enumerate and collate information on the commercially valued rainforest tree species growing in cocoa plantations located in four local government areas (cocoa growing areas) of Cross River State, Nigeria, namely Akamkpa, Boki, Etung, and Ikom. Four 50 m x 50 m plots of cocoa plantations were randomly laid for data collection in each of the randomly selected cocoa growing areas. A total of 286 trees species were identified and enumeratedwhile180 were commercially valued rain forest trees. The stand distributions were examined by classifying the trees into diameter-classes. All the trees encountered were identified and measured for diameter at breast height (1.3 m) using diameter tape. The five diameter classes were recorded as follows: 10-20 cm (class 1); 20-30 cm (class 2); 30-40 cm (class 3); 40-50 cm (class 4); 50-60 cm (class5) and 60 cm above (class 6). The economic importance of each species was identified. The basal areas of each species were calculated to determine the density. The result showed that diameter class six (6) had the highest diameter values of 56 m2 , 29 m2, 28 m2 and 19 m2 for Ikom, Etung, Akamkpa and Boki cocoa plantation respectively, while the basal area (m2per/ha) of all trees (pooled) in each of the plantations valued was 67.49 m2, 517.47 m2 , 3093.30 m2 and 603.49 m2 respectively. These commercially valued rainforest tree species in cocoa plantations studies are many and of standard sizes. It is recommended that they should be conserved for sustainable future utilization.
Agro-Branding Of Fish Produce And Market Performance In Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria
This research seeks to validate empirically, the agro-branding of fish produce and market performance in Port Harcourt metropolis, Rivers State. Four objectives and four research questions were posed and four hypotheses were tested. The study adopted descriptive research design using a survey method. A total of 200 respondents made of fish marketers were surveyed through structured questionnaire administration. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation and variance while inferential statistics like the Multiple Regression was used to test the stated hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance on SPSS version 25. The result of the study showed that the sales promotion increased sales volume by 3.48% and marketing profit by 3.80, while brand positioning increased sales volume by 4.09% and market profitability by 2.58% respectively. It was concluded that sales promotion and brand positioning positively influenced marketing performance of fish produce in Port Harcourt metropolis, Rivers State to a high competitive in the market and remain in business, it is imperative for fish marketers to implement sales promotional technique, have the right information and packaging techniques and intensive distribution strategy which will further enhance their brand visibility in the marketing outlets.
Carbon Sequestration Of Above Ground Tree Biomass In Tropical High Forests And Monoplantations In Okpon River Forest Reserve, Cross River State, Nigeria
This study assessed the above-ground biomass (AGB) of Tropical High Forests (THF) and a 20-35-year-old teak plantation in the Okpon River Forest Reserve, Cross River State, Nigeria. The research used a simple random sampling technique with 26 nested plots in THF and 10 in the teak plantation. A total of 610 trees (435 in THF and 175 in the plantation) were measured for diameter at breast height (dbh ≥5cm). These measurements, along with wood species density, were input into allometric equations to calculate above-ground green biomass, dry biomass, and carbon stock. Results revealed a mean dbh of 42.3 cm in THF and 24.2 cm in the plantation. The THF plantation. Average stand volume in the THF was 212.6 m³/ha, higher than the 155.95 m³/ha in the plantation. The tropical high forest had significantly higher biomass and carbon stock, with 423.74 t/ha of green biomass, 307.21 t/ha of dry biomass, and 153.61 t/ha of carbon, compared to the plantation's 164.36 t/ha, 119.16 t/ha, and 59.58 t/ha, respectively. The plantation's high tree density suggests overcrowding, indicating a need for thinning to promote growth. Conversely, the THF's stand density indicates limited anthropogenic disturbance and efficient nutrient uptake. To improve forest productivity, it is recommended to implement better management practices such as boundary cleaning and enrichment planting.
Characterization and classification of soils developed on coastal plain sands in Oruk- Anam, Akwa Ibom State
Soil characterization is critical in optimizing cocoa production, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa where growers are faced with low and fluctuating cocoa yields due to several challenges, prominent among which is soil nutrient management. This study characterized and classified soils formed from coastal plan sands for cocoa production in Oruk-Anam LGA, Akwa Ibom State. Using free soil survey method, the study area was delineated and four soil profile pits were dug. Soil samples were collected from diagnostic horizons, labeled and analyzed for physical and chemical properties. Findings revealed very dark gray (10YR 3/2) surface to dark brown (10YR 3/3) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sub surface horizons. Surface texture ranged between loamy sand and sandy loam over sandy loam and sandy clay loam subsurface soils. Both the surface and subsurface soils showed low pH in water (4.95- 4.98), indicating high acidity. Furthermore, total nitrogen was low, while available P was moderate. The results also indicated that all the exchangeable cations were all low. The clay minerals identified were quartz (85.2 %), kaolinite (13.6 %), anatase (0.3 %), magnetite (0.4 %) and goethite (0.4 %). The soils were classified as Ultisols and correlated with FAO-WRB as Acrisols. Liming, application of crop residues, the use of organic and organo-mineral fertilizers, biochar application could enhance proper soil management and aid in the removal of the current limitations.
Effect of Garcinia kola (bitter kola) on growth performance and meat quality of broiler chickens
The effect of Garciniakola on the performance and meat quality of broiler chickens was investigated. A total of one hundred and eighty unsexed day-old Anak broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five treatments containing thirty-six chicks each. Each treatment was replicated three times, containing 12 birds each. Adopting the completely randomized experimental design (CRD), five diets were formulated for starter and finisher phases. Treatment one (T1) was the control diet while T2, T3, T4 and T5 contained 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% G. kola respectively. Feed and water were provided ad libitum to the birds. Proximate analysis showed that G. kola contained crude protein (2.29%), nitrogen-free extract (65.70%), ash (13.97%), crude fiber (9.32%) and energy (280.43 kcal/g). Phytochemical result showed that G.kola contained oxalate (6.57 mg/100 g), tannin (17.55mg/100g), phenols (116.02 mg/100), an alkaloid (2.61 g/100 g), saponin (1.96 g/100 g) and flavonoid (7.56 g/100 g). At the starter phase, G. kola reduced the weight gain and feed intake of the broilers but did not affect the feed: gain ratio. In the finisher phase, G. kola inclusion above 0.5% reduced final live body weight (P<0.05). However, in both phases, there were no significant (P>0.05) differences in daily gain, feed intake andfeed conversion ratio. General acceptability, colour, flavour, tenderness and juiciness of the meat were found to be best at a 0.5% level of inclusion. Therefore, G. kola, is not recommended during the starter phase as it affects feed intake and weight gain. It can be fed to finisher birds but not beyond 0.5% level of inclusion.
Clay mineralogy and chemistry of selected soils in Northern Cross River State, Nigeria
Understanding the composition and behavior of clay minerals is essential for better management of soils to perform ecosystem services. This research onclay mineralogy and chemistry of selected soils in northern Cross River State was aimed to identify the clay minerals and relate them to the chemistry of the soils for sustainable management. Fifteen soil samples were collected at designated horizons from profiles dug at four land uses; wetland, forest, grassland and farmland in the study area. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the soil was done using SIEMENS D5005 diffractometer model. The intensities of clay were obtained by using the relative intensities of individual peaks of gibbsite (4.96A0), quartz (3.3A0), kaolinite (7.18A0), montmorrilonite (10A0), vermiculite (14A0), and mica (180) shoulder. The clay minerals identified were vermiculite, montmorillonite, kaolinite,illite, polygorskite, quartz and hematite. From the results vermiculite was > 30 % in wetland and forest, 15-30 % in grassland and farmland, montmorillonite 15-30 % in wetland and farmland, 7-15 % in forest and < 7 % in grassland while kaolinite was 15-30 % in wetland and > 30 % in forest and grassland. It was concluded that wetland soils had more 2:1 clays than other land uses and therefore will tend to hold more nutrients.
Soil texture and organic carbon stock as influenced by land use in parts of Katsina State, Nigeria
Soil texture and organic carbon content are very important in determining the fertility and health through their impact on structure, drainage and nutrient content. This study estimated organic carbon stock of soils in Katsina State with a view to providing information for improving land management in the area. Five sampling plots were selected on each land use type: farms and parklands in each of the five Locations namely Baure, Sandamu, Zango, Daura and Mai’adua. A total of 5 representative soil core samples were randomly collected at depths of 0-20 and 20-40 cm each in the two land use types. The following soil properties; bulk density, texture, organic carbon (OC) and pH, Organic carbon stock of the bulked soils were determined Findings of the study revealed that sandy loam constitute the major soil textural class of the area. It further revealed that both the highest and lowest organic carbon of bulked soil (0.68 gkg1) and (0.26 gkg1) are found on parkland at 0-20 cm depth and 20-40 cm respectively. The study also revealed that the highest carbon stock of the soils is 164.56 g/m2 (0-20 cm depth) and 235.81 g/m2 (20-40 cm depth) while the lowest is 67.58 g/m2 (0-20 cm depth) and 120.52 g/m2 (20-40 cm depth). The study concluded that carbon stock of the bulked soils is influenced by both land use types and sampling depths. The study recommended the use of deep-rooted crops on agricultural fields to increase carbon storage in soil.
Effects of phosphorus rates, sowing date and variety on growth and yield of hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet) in Ringim, Jigawa State, Nigeria
Field experiment was conducted during the 2019, 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons at the Jigawa State Horticultural Farm, Ringim in the semi-arid zone of Nigeria. The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of phosphorus, sowing dates and variety on the growth and yield characters of lablab. The treatments consisted of four levels of phosphorous (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg/ha), two local varieties of lablab (Dan Inusa and Dan Farankachi) and three sowing dates (1st, 15th and 29th of July). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times. Growth and yield characters were measured and correlation analysis was done. Results indicated that 60 Kg P/ha produced highest seed yield. Sowing on 29th of July had highest yield and Variety Dan Inusa out yielded the other variety. The results also showed that most of the growth and yield components had significant positive correlation with yield. However, crop growth rate was observed to have significant negative correlation with the crop yield. It could be recommended that most of the growth and yield parameters were good yield contributing characters.
Effects of NPK fertilizer on soil properties and prema onion (Allium cepa L.) performance in a humid environment at Obio-Akpa, Akwa Ibom State
This study was conducted in 2022/2023 planting season at the Teaching and Research Farm of Akwa Ibom State University, Obio Akpa Campus, Oruk Anam Local Government Area, Nigeria, to determine the effects of NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer rates on selected soil properties, growth and bulb yields of prema onion as well as the relationships between selected soil properties and bulb yields of the onion. The field experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Four rates of the NPK fertilizer (0, 400, 600 and 800 kgha-1) and prema onion were used for the experiment. Soil samples were collected before and after field experiment at 20 cm depth with a soil auger and processed for laboratory analysis. The NPK fertilizer increased soil pH, EC, total N, available P, exchangeable K, growth and bulb yield of the onion but reduced the SOM content as fertilizer rates increased. The highest mean plant height (66.79 cm), number of leaves (13.52), stem girth (1.30 cm), fresh bulb weight (19.25 tons/ha) and bulb circumference (22.3 cm/bulb) were recorded for 800 kgha-1, followed by 600 kgha-1 and 400 kgha-1 in that order, whereas the lowest plant height (47.94 cm), number of leaves (10.39), stem girth (0.69 cm), fresh bulb weight (10.4 tons/ha) and bulb circumference (18.1 cm) were recorded for control plots. The 400 kgha-1 NPK fertilizer rate was recommended to enhance soil fertility and prema onion production in the study area considering the economic and environmental implications of using higher rates.