Journal Of Agriculture, Forestry & Environment
The Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Environment (JAFE) is an international journal that is aimed at publishing quality research articles and reviews. The journal accepts articles only in English. It is a double blind peer-reviewed publication of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria. Special attention is paid to in-depth and enhanced service and development. Subject areas covered but not limited to include Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, Crop Science, Food Science and Technology, Soil Science and Agricultural Mechanization, Animal Science, Horticulture, Environmental Science, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management.
ANALYSIS OF CHANGING LIFESTYLES FOR FIRMS IN THE HOSPITALITY, ENTERTAINMENT AND LEISURE INDUSTRIES IN CALABAR
This study investigates the implications of changing consumer lifestyles on demand patterns and strategic responses of firms in the hospitality, entertainment, and leisure (HEL) industries in Calabar, Nigeria. Consumer preferences have shifted considerably toward experiential consumption, digital engagement, and personalized services. Many HEL firms, however, continue to operate with traditional service models that no longer align with these expectations. This misalignment limits their ability to sustain competitiveness and long-term market relevance. A descriptive research design was adopted. Three HEL firms were purposively selected — Tinapa Resort, Channel View Hotels, and Paradise City Entertainment Hub. The study population comprised 195 staff members, and a census approach was adopted. Data were collected using a self-structured 15-item questionnaire on a five-point Likert scale. Expert validation and reliability testing returned a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.93. Of 195 questionnaires distributed, 190 were properly completed, representing a 97.44% response rate. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation via SPSS. Findings indicate that evolving consumer lifestyles have significantly altered demand patterns and competitive dynamics within the sector. There is a clear movement away from traditional offerings toward more immersive, experience-driven models. Firms that responded through service innovation, technology adoption, and stronger customer engagement were better positioned competitively. These findings highlight the strategic importance of aligning business operations with emerging lifestyle trends. The study contributes to HEL literature by extending empirical understanding of lifestyle-driven demand shifts in a Nigerian context. It offers relevant insights for managers, policymakers, and researchers interested in service industry transformation in emerging economies.
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BUSINESS INNOVATION AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF THE FAST-FOOD INDUSTRY IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
Innovation has become the lifeblood of competitive advantage in the global business environment, especially within the fast-food industry, where customer preferences, technology, and service expectations evolve rapidly. This study investigates the relationship between business innovation—specifically product, service, and distribution innovations—and organizational performance among fast-food firms in Cross River State, Nigeria. Anchored on Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations Theory and Herzberg's Motivation–Hygiene Theory, the study adopts a cross-sectional survey design with a sample of 200 respondents drawn from selected fast-food outlets. A structured questionnaire, utilizing a five-point Likert scale, was employed to collect data on innovation dimensions and firm performance. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and multiple linear regression were employed to test the hypothesized relationships. Results indicate that product, service, and distribution innovations each have significant positive effects on organizational performance (R² = 0.354, p < .001), with product innovation emerging as the strongest predictor. The findings suggest that firms that emphasize innovation in product development, service delivery, and distribution logistics achieve higher operational efficiency, customer satisfaction, and profitability. The study contributes theoretically by integrating innovation diffusion frameworks with organizational performance outcomes, and practically by offering insights for managers seeking to foster innovation-oriented cultures.
INFLUENCE OF PLANTING DATES AND VARIETIES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF WATERMELON (Citrullus lanatus) IN IKOM, NIGERIA
Field experiment was conducted under rainfed condition at Nlul1- Nnam in Ikom Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria to investigate response of watermelon varieties [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb Mansf)] to varying planting dates. The treatments consisted of three planting dates (8th September, 28th September and 18th October, 2018) and three varieties of watermelon (koloss, Kaolack and Sugarbaby). The treatments combination was arranged in splitplots fitted into randomized complete block design and replicated three times. The study revealed that the 8th September planting date influenced best growth and yield performance of watermelon as it out-yielded the 28th September and 18th October planting dates by 36.94 and 74.38% respectively for number of fruits produced per plant. koloss variety was significantly (p< 0.05) superior to Kaolack and sugarbaby varieties in most of the vegetative growth and yield parameters. Koloss variety out-yielded Kaolack and Sugarbaby varieties by 45.33 and 117.11%, respectively for number of fruits recorded. Furthermore, Koloss variety also produced the heaviest and widest watermelon fruits than the other varieties. The interaction of Koloss variety and September 8 planting date, produced longer vine, higher number of leaves, higher number of fruits and higher total fruit yield (47.77t/ha) than the others. The production cost and economic returns analysis for the study also showed that, highest profit from watermelon production was maximized by the 8th September planting date with Koloss variety.
RURAL YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN AGRICULTURAL-BASED LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES IN CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL ZONE, CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study assessed rural youth participation in agricultural-based livelihood activities in then Central Agricultural Zone of Cross River State, Nigeria. The study specifically sought to examine the socio-economic characteristics of rural youths, ascertain the agricultural-based livelihood activities participated in by rural youths, determine the extent of participation and assess the constraints to rural youth participation in agricultural-based livelihood activities. A random sampling technique was used to select 148 rural youth farmers. Data were collected using a set of structured questionnaires and analyzed using percentages and mean statistics. Results of the type of agricultural-based livelihood activities participated in by youths revealed that majority (87.2%) participated in farm labor with a high extent of participation (x̄ =3.12) ranked 1st. However, the study revealed that lack of capital/access to credit (x̄=3.19; SD = 0.76) was the major constraint to rural youth participation. The result of multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that sex (0.112), age (1.315), educational level (2.154), years of farming experience (0.205), and estimated annual income (3.112) show a statistically significant influence of the socio-economic characteristics of youths on the extent of participation in agricultural-based livelihood activities at 5% level of significance. The study concluded that youth engagement significantly enhances agricultural-based livelihood but lack of capital emerged as the major constraint limiting their participation in activities in the study area. The study therefore recommends that government and relevant stakeholders design and implement targeted youth agricultural financing schemes and policies to strengthen youth capacity through entrepreneurship training within the study area.
COMMUNITY-BASED CONFLICT RESOLUTION APPROACHES AND SOCIOECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study assessed the community-based conflict resolution and socio-economic activities in Cross River State Nigeria. Multistage sampling procedure was used to select 126 household heads. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed with percentages and mean statistics. The key technique used for community-based conflict resolution was the involvement of a neutral mediator (X=3.81; ranked 1st). The most frequently played role by the stakeholders in resolving conflicts in the area was formation of peace communities (X=3.93; ranked 1st). Household heads perceived that community-based conflict resolution promoted stability, enabled markets to function effectively, businesses to operate without disruption, and trade to flourish, thereby boosting their income (X=3.51; ranked 1st). However, poor funding of peace committees (X= 3.74; ranked 1st) was accepted as the major challenge to the use of community-based conflict resolution. The study concluded that community-based conflict resolution uses different techniques to establish a solid foundation for socio-economic progress, adopting and effectively applying these techniques in resolving conflict can cultivate an environment that fosters economic advancement in the community. The study recommended that development organizations should employ these techniques, as they serve as powerful tools to enhance community stability, peaceful cohabitation among residents and promote socioeconomic activities.
EVALUATION OF ENSILING QUALITIES OF SIGNAL GRASS (Brachiaria mulato II) AND COOK STYLO (Stylosanthes guianensis) AT DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS
The study evaluated the ensiling qualities of Stylosanthes guianensis (Cook), grown with Brachiaria mulato II (Signal grass) at different mixing ratios.. The treatments were the mixtures of Stylosanthes guianensis and Brachiaria mulato II at 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100% ratios laid in a completely randomized design (CRD) and replicated three thrice. Fresh Brachiaria mulato II and Stylosanthes guianensis were harvested, wilted for 24 hours and chopped to 2-3cm long for ease of compaction and combination for silage. The research materials in the silos were sealed tightly and allowed for 28 days fermentation period. At expiration, the resultant silages were scored for colour and aroma by three independent scorers. The results of silage showed that irrespective of different mixing proportions of Stylosanthes guianensis – Brachiaria mulato II, the colours of the ensiled mixtures were yellowish - green with pleasant and very sweet aroma. The pH recorded was slightly acidic in all the treatment combinations with a temperature range of 24.60 – 29.60C. Crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by treatment, although numerically higher CP values were observed in the 50:50 mixture. Fibre fractions (ADF and NDF), dry matter intake (DMI), digestible dry matter (DDM) and relative feed value (RFV) varied significantly (p<0.05) among treatments. The 50% Mulato II and 50% Stylo mixture produced silage with improved crude protein and better feeding value indices, suggesting its suitability as high-quality ruminant feed during periods of forage scarcity. The study therefore recommends integrating forage legumes such as Stylosanthes guianensis with tropical grasses during silage production to improve nutritional quality and feed utilization.
ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF COMMUNITY AWARENESS ON THE EFFECTS OF FOREST DEGRADATION AND LIVELIHOOD IN AFI MOUNTAIN WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
Forests are vital to human wellbeing and environmental stability, providing essential ecosystem goods and services for local communities. However, continuous forest degradation in the Boki Local Government Area, Cross River State, poses a serious environmental and livelihood threat. In 2021, Nigeria lost about 96.5 kha of its natural forest, contributing to over 65.3 Mt of CO₂ emissions and accelerating climate change impacts such as rising temperatures and extreme weather events. This study assessed the level of community awareness on the effects of forest degradation and its implications for livelihoods in Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, Boki Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was administered to respondents using a random sampling technique, and 120 respondents were selected across different communities surrounding the sanctuary. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics (percentages and tables) and inferential statistics such as the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. Findings revealed a high level of awareness among community members regarding the effects of forest degradation on their livelihoods, particularly in areas related to nonwood forest product availability, soil fertility decline, and fuelwood scarcity. The study recommends strengthening community-based forest management initiatives and increasing public education on sustainable resource use to reduce pressure on forest ecosystems.
UTILIZATION OF LABOUR AMONG YAM FARMERS IN OGOJA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
The study assessed the utilization of labour among yam farmers in Ogoja Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria. Objectives were to; ascertain the socio-economic characteristics of respondents; identify types of labor utilized; determine the farming operations in which available labour was utilized; ascertain factors influencing labor utilization. A multistage sampling procedure was used to obtain data from 126 respondents and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results revealed that majority (66.7%) of the farmers were males, 40.5% were above 50 years, majority (64.3%) were married, 46.3% had secondary education, most (53.9%) had household size of above 6 persons and a larger proportion (46%) had farm size of between 1-2 plots. The most utilized labour was family labour, with X of 3.39. The farming operations in which family labour was mostly utilized were planting (69.9%) and fertilizer application (69%). However, hired labour was mostly used in staking (65.1%) and mound making (63.5%) operations. The findings also showed that, the most perceived factor that influenced labour utilization was rural urban migration with X of 3.58. Results of the chi-square statistics revealed a statistically significant association between type of labour used and yam farming operation with tcal (145.67) > P value (21.03) at 0.05 significant level. It was therefore recommended that the government should supplement manual labour with mechanised labour to discourage rural-urban migration as well as to address the need for specialized skills and ease difficult tasks.
MICROBIAL ANALYSIS OF SOIL IN A BAMBOO GROOVE AT THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, ABEOKUTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
Microorganisms in the soil play a crucial role in plant growth, soil sustainability, the balance of the soil ecosystem, and the restoration of lost nutrients. This study was conducted to identify microbial populations at varying depths in the bamboo grove behind the University Health Centre of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0–15 cm, 15-30 cm, and 30–45 cm for microbial analysis. The dilution spread plate method of identification of microbial population was used. The results showed that 7 bacterial species and 5 fungal strains were isolated from all the soil samples used. The probable isolated bacterial species were E coli, Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium septicum, Bacillus, Proteus, Enterobacter, Klebsiella aerogenes, and the isolated fungi species were Aspergillus funmigatus, Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp, and A niger. The microbial colony-forming units decreased progressively with increasing soil depth, indicating microbial activity is highest within the top 0-30 cm. This suggests that the upper soil layer should remain undisturbed as it contains vital microorganisms essential for nutrient recycling and plant productivity. The morphological characteristics of the isolated bacteria and fungi indicate that the Bacillus spp and the Aspergillus spp are the dominant bacteria in the soil, highlighting their importance in organic matter decomposition and soil fertility enhancement. The study underscores the ecological significance of bamboo groves as a biodiversity hotspot that supports diverse microbial communities crucial for sustainable soil health and management.
EFFECT OF POULTRY MANURE RATES ON CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT AND FRESH WEIGHT OF THREE AMARANTH VARIETIES IN KANO, NIGERIA
A 4 x 3 factorial pot experiment arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Bayero University, Kano to examine the effect of poultry manure at different rates (0, 10, 20 and 30 t/ha) and 3 varieties of Amaranth (Hemera, White and Black Amaranth), on the chlorophyll content and fresh weight of the plant. A chlorophyll content meter was used to measure chlorophyll content in Amaranth at different growth stages, indicating photosynthetic activity related to leaf nitrogen concentration. The fresh weight of the leafy plant was also measured at harvest (7 Weeks after Sowing). Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) version 9.4. Means were compared using the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). There was a significant difference in poultry manure rates at 10 and 20 t/ha for fresh weight, while 30 t/ha gave higher chlorophyll content, and no significant interaction was observed for chlorophyll content. While the yield (fresh weight) shows a significant difference (p < 0.05) among the amaranth varieties, the Hemera variety has significantly more weight than the Black and White varieties, with no significant difference observed due to poultry manure rates. The Hemera variety, with no poultry manure application, can benefit vegetable farmers in the study area.
COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON PHENOLOGY AND YIELD STABILITY OF IRRIGATED RICE IN KANO, NIGERIA
Efficient fertilizer management remains critical for improving the productivity and sustainability of irrigated rice systems in sub-Saharan Africa. This study evaluated the performance, canopy dynamics, and yield stability of irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) under inorganic and organic fertilizer regimes within the Kano River Irrigation Scheme (KRIS), northern Nigeria. On-farm experiments were conducted across three local government areas during the 2020 and 2021 dry seasons using a randomized complete block design on farmers’ fields. Four fertilizer treatments were assessed: farmer practice, recommended NPK-Urea application, poultry manure, and cow manure, using FARO 44 as the test variety. Results showed that organic amendments, particularly poultry and cow manure, enhanced tillering efficiency and canopy development compared with inorganic fertilizer and farmer practice. Poultry manure recorded the highest leaf area index (LAI) and grain yield, while cow manure exhibited superior biomass partitioning to grain, as revealed by the highest harvest index. In contrast, inorganic fertilizer and farmer practice demonstrated greater year-to-year yield stability. Relative yield advantage analysis indicated a yield gain of 6.4% under poultry manure compared with farmer practice, whereas cow manure resulted in a slight yield reduction. These findings highlight trade-offs between yield maximization, canopy persistence, and yield stability among fertilizer regimes. Suggesting that integrating organic nutrient sources with improved fertilizer management can improve rice productivity while promoting sustainable intensification in irrigated systems of northern Nigeria.
GENOTYPIC VARIATION AND YIELD OPTIMIZATION IN BAMBARA GROUNDNUT (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) UNDER VARYING PLANT POPULATION DENSITIES IN THE SUDAN SAVANNAH
Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.) is an underutilized African legume valued for its resilience to drought and poor soils, yet the genotypic variation in its response to plant population density remains underexplored. This study investigated the growth and yield performance of three bambara groundnut genotypes (Cream Brown Eye, Cream Black Eye, and Mottled Brown Eye) under three population densities (160 × 20 cm, 160 × 30 cm, and 160 × 40 cm) in the Sudan savannah of Nigeria using a split-plot design. Significant effects of genotype, density, and their interaction were observed for plant height, petiole length, and yield components. Wider spacing enhanced vegetative growth, while intermediate density (8 plants m⁻²) maximized grain yield (1.85 t ha⁻¹), reflecting a parabolic density–yield relationship. Among genotypes, Mottled Brown Eye exhibited superior shelling efficiency (82.4%) and productivity index, indicating greater assimilate partitioning and competitive balance under moderate population pressure. The differential density responses among genotypes highlight the presence of exploitable genetic variation for density tolerance and yield stability. These findings suggest that moderate plant density optimizes canopy development, photosynthetic efficiency, and yield per unit area under semi-arid conditions, providing a framework for genotype-specific planting density recommendations to enhance bmbara groundnut productivity and sustainability in dryland cropping systems.
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE (KAP) OF PRE‑SLAUGHTER STUNNING OF CATTLE IN CALABAR MUNICIPALITY, CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study examined the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of pre-slaughter stunning among cattle workers in Calabar Municipality, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional design wasadopted and 155 participants including butchers, cattle traders, and abattoir workers were purposively selected. Data were obtained using a validated interviewer-administered questionnaires and analyzed. Descriptive and inferential analyses (Chi-square) revealed a profound deficit in knowledge and practice. The mean knowledge score was 1.17/10, with 82.6% of respondents exhibiting low knowledge. Only 18.7% had heard of stunning, and 16.8% understood its pain-reducing benefits. Attitudes were largely negative (46.5%) or neutral (40.6%), reflecting uncertainty about its religious acceptability and practical value. Notably, 98.1% did not practice stunning, and 100% demonstrated poor practice, largely attributed to 99.4% lack of access to equipment. Significant associations were observed between knowledge and practice (χ² = 102.122, p < 0.001), and between attitude and practice (χ² = 33.937, p < 0.001). Practice was also significantly linked to education (χ² = 62.077, p < 0.001), professional role (χ² = 35.516, p < 0.001), and years of experience (χ² = 27.860, p = 0.006), but not to age, gender, or religion. The study concludes that low awareness, negative perceptions, and infrastructural deficiencies critically impede stunning adoption. Targeted training, investment in abattoir facilities, and interfaith engagement are recommended to enhance animal welfare standards in Nigeria.
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISES SUPPORTED BY AGRO PROCESSING, PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT AND LIVELIHOOD IMPROVEMENT SUPPORT PROJECT IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
The study carried out an economic evaluation of rice, cocoa, and broiler production enterprises supported by the World Bank-Assisted Agro Processing, Productivity Enhancement and Livelihood Improvement Support (APPEALS) project in Cross River State, Nigeria’’. Using a sample of 391 cooperatives, data were collected through questionnaires, records, and focus group discussions. Results from the study showed that, APPEALS-supported enterprises differ in scale, age and earnings, with cocoa most established and profitable, rice more labor-intensive but lower earning, and broilers younger, moderately profitable and better educated managers. Among the average total cost incurred by these enterprises per hectare, labour cost accounted for 64.70 percent of the average total costs for rice. Similarly, for a batch of 500 broilers enterprises, the cost of feed accounted for 63.9 percent of the average total costs while for cocoa enterprises, rent on farm accounted for 70.46 percent of the average total costs. The profit margin percentage of 25.3%, 26.9% and 38.5% was obtained for rice, broiler and cocoa enterprises respectively, while return on investment of 0.34, 0.63 and 0.37 for rice, cocoa and broilers were realized. This implies that for every one naira invested across the production of these three commodities, benefits of ₦ 0.34, ₦0.63 and ₦ 0.37 were achieved confirming the profitability of APPEALS-supported agribusinesses. The study recommended policy to promote cooperative development and clusterbased support for cocoa and rice, drawing on the broiler model to improve market access, input sourcing, and collective bargaining
UNVEILING SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSIONS IN AGRIBUSINESSES SUPPORTED BY AGRO PROCESSING, PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT AND LIVELIHOOD IMPROVEMENT SUPPORT PROJECT IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study assessed the sustainable dimensions of agribusinesses supported by Agro Processing, Productivity Enhancement and Livelihood improvement Support (APPEALS) project in Cross River State, Nigeria, Using the Taro Yamane formula for sample size, 391 cooperatives were randomly selected from 710 APPEALS-supported Agribusinesses and data were collected from their managers through a 5-point Likert questionnaire and analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and descriptive mean statistics. The results yielded a “Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO)’’ value of 0.658 and a Bartlett’s test of sphericity value of 1407.936 (p < 0.001), confirming the suitability of the data for factor analysis. Seven factors were extracted from an initially conceptualized twelve based on the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) theory and they accounted for 56.32% of the total variance. The extracted factors include Social Safeguards, Local Support Policies, Grievance Redress Mechanism, Production Technology, Stakeholders/Institutions, Marketing Strategies, and Production Management. These were categorized under social, environmental, and economic sustainability dimensions. Social dimension of sustainability accounted for the highest cumulative variance (25.2%), followed by environmental (18.13%) and economic sustainability (13%). Out of 86 proposed variables, 22 met the factor loading threshold of 0.5, confirming construct validity. Descriptive mean analysis of the 5-point Likert scale showed weighted mean of 4.14. Twelve of the variable mean values were above weighted mean which indicated the activities frequently undertaken by the business operators for sustainability. The study recommends that, donor initiatives should continue to strengthen stakeholder collaboration and promote structured sustainability frameworks to ensure long-term integration of sustainable practices among agribusiness enterprises.
IMPACT OF ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES ON BIODIVERSITY IN OBAN DIVISION, CROSS RIVER NATIONAL PARK, AKAMKPA, NIGERIA
Human activities have exerted significant pressure on global biodiversity, with increasing habitat loss, deforestation, poaching, and unsustainable resource exploitation threatening numerous species. In Nigeria, particularly within the Oban Division of Cross River National Park, the expansion of agriculture, logging, and hunting continues to endanger both flora and fauna. This study assessed the impact of anthropogenic activities on biodiversity in selected communities surrounding the park. Data were collected through household surveys, field observations, and key informant interviews, while both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were employed to analyze patterns of resource use and their ecological implications. Findings reveal that agricultural expansion, fuel wood extraction, and poaching are the most significant drivers of biodiversity loss in the area. The study highlights the urgent need for enhanced community participation in sustainable forest management and the development of alternative livelihoods to reduce pressure on the park’s resources. The results provide valuable insights into the human dimensions of biodiversity conservation in Nigeria’s most ecologically significant protected area.
EFFECT OF ADOPTION OF CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURAL (CSA) PRACTICES ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF CASSAVA FARMERS IN ODUKPANI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study examined the effect of Adoption of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) practices on the productivity of cassava farmers in Odukpani Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria. Using a multi-stage sampling technique, 120 cassava farmers were surveyed with a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, a CSA adoption index, logistic regression, and multiple regression models were used for analysis. Commonly adopted CSA practices included improved cassava varieties, crop rotation and cover cropping, while soil, water and pest management showed moderate adoption. Logistic regression indicated that CSA awareness/exposure (B = 4.558; Exp(B) ≈ 95; p < 0.001) and farm income significantly influenced adoption (p = 0.050), while education had a positive but marginal effect (Exp(B) = 1.12; p = 0.079). The double-log regression model indicated that CSA adoption significantly increased cassava yield (β = 0.283, p = 0.004), with farm size also showing a strong positive effect (β = 1.103, p < 0.001). The study concludes that CSA adoption enhances cassava productivity and resilience but is constrained by limited access to information, finance, and extension services. It recommends strengthening extension services, farmer training, improving credit and input access, and promoting inclusive CSA policies to enhance adoption and sustainable agricultural productivity in the Study Area.
EVALUATION OF PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF SOME GRASSES GROWN AT BINYAMINU USMAN POLYTECHNIC, HADEJIA, NIGERIA
This study examined the proximate composition, fibre fractions and energy content of ten commonn grasses grown in Binyaminu Usman Polytechnic, Hadejia, Nigeria. The grasses evaluated were: Pennisetum pedicellatum, Digitaria velutina, Eragrostis ciliaris, Eragrostis tremula, Axonopus compressus, Cyperus rotundus, Kyllinga erecta, Cenchrus biflorus, Cynodon dactylon, and Dactyloctenium aegyptium. Result showed that all proximate fractions evaluated were significantly (p < 0.05) different among the grasses. The average dry matter content was 93.85% with minimum and maximum values of 91.20% in Cyperus rotundus and 97.20% in Digitaria velutina, respectively. The crude protein (CP) contents of the grasses were slightly low, which ranged from 1.24% in Dactyloctenium aegyptium to 9.12% in Axonopus compressus; while the crude fibre ranges from 24.90% in Digitaria velutina to 35.60% in Pennisetum pedicellatum. Neutral Detergent Fibre was recorded with a minimum and maximum values of 40.60% in Digitaria velutina and 66.30% in Axonopus compressus respectively, while the Acid Detergent Fibre ranges from 31.00% in Digitaria velutina to 37.90% in Axonopus compressus. The energy contents of the grasses were also significantly (p < 0.05) different, this ranges from 176.89kcal/kg in Axonopus compressus to 809.59kcal/kg in Pennisetum pedicellatum with an average of 329.07kcal/kg. The proximate composition of the grasses revealed that the DM and energy contents are satisfactory to facilitate ruminant feeding, although; a little supplementation may be required for CP that is averagely below a threshold of 8%.
Effect Of Variety And Planting Date On The Performance Of Groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) In Calabar, The Humid Rainforest Of South Eastern Nigeria
A factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of variety and planting date on the growth and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Calabar in 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons. The treatments consisted of three varieties of groundnut (SAMNUT 24, SAMNUT 25 and SAMNUT 26) planted on 17th April, 15th May, 16th June, 15th July, 17th August, 18th September and 14th October were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three (3) replications. Data were taken on growth and yield parameters of groundnut and statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Means were compared using Fishers Least Significant Difference (FLSD) at 5% level of probability. Variety had significant (P˂0.05) effect on biomass weight, number of filled pods, pods yield and seed yield of groundnut in 2020 and 2021. SAMNUT 24 produced significantly (P˂0.05) higher biomass weight and haulm weight while SAMNUT 25 had higher number of filled pods, pod yield and seed yield in both cropping seasons. Planting date had a significant (P<0.05) effect of on all the yield variables except shelling percentage. Also, October planting was affected by early end of rain in December which led to low yield. SAMNUT 25 planted in June gave the higher pod yield of 1.62 t/ha, seed yield of 1.60 t/ha, harvest index of 0.84 and higher pod yield of 1.70 t/ha in 2020 and seed yield of 1.60 t/ha, harvest index of 0.86 in 2021. Thus SAMNUT 25 is recommended for cultivation in the study area and could be planted in the month of June.
Enhancing Market Performance Of Fish Produce In Port Harcourt, Nigeria: The Impact Of Agro-Branding, Packaging And Distribution
This study investigates the impact of Product Packaging (PP) and Distribution (DT) on the market performance of fish products in Port Harcourt and Obio/Akpor Local Government Areas. The study adopted descriptive survey design. The sample size was 200 fish marketers. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis at a 0.05 significance level with the aid of SPSS Version 25. The findings reveal that Product Packaging significantly influenced Sales Volume by 37.2%, while Distribution contributed 42.1%, explaining 81.3% of the variation in Sales Volume (R² = 0.813). Additionally, Product Packaging impacted Profitability by 39.8%, while Distribution contributed 36.2%, accounting for 83.7% of the variation in Profitability (R² = 0.837). The strong correlation (R = 0.902 for Sales Volume and R = 0.915 for Profitability) confirms that packaging enhances product appeal and consumer preference, while effective distribution optimizes accessibility and revenue generation. The study concludes that well-structured packaging and efficient distribution strategies significantly enhance market performance. It recommends that fish marketers adopt innovative packaging, invest in distribution infrastructure, and implement supply chain optimization techniques to maximize competitiveness and profitability in the fisheries sector.
Effect of processing on the proximate and phytochemical compositions of sun-dried dandelion (taraxacum officinale) leaf meal
This study evaluated the proximate and phytochemical compositions of sun-dried Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) leaf meal (DLM) subjected to blanching (1.5–4.5 minutes) and soaking (1–3 hours) to assess its potential as a livestock feed supplement. Proximate analysis revealed that crude protein (12.11–17.50%) and ether extract (1.64–4.50%) declined significantly (p<0.05) with prolonged blanching, while nitrogen-free extract increased (46.50–57.28%). Moisture content decreased with processing, but dry matter and gross energy remained stable. Metabolizable energy (2596.57–2666.35 kcal/kg) was highest in untreated controls. Phytochemical screening showed higher bioactive compound retention in ethanol extracts than aqueous extracts. Alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and polyphenols were strongly present in controls but degraded with processing, particularly under extended blanching (B3). Quantitative analysis confirmed significant losses (p<0.05): alkaloids (1.10% to 0.04%), flavonoids (1.50% to 0.03%), and polyphenols (3.00% to 0.05%) in B3. Soaking (S1) preserved more phytochemicals than blanching, suggesting lower temperature processing better retains nutraceutical value. The study concludes that sun-dried DLM is a nutritionally rich feed resource, but processing methods critically impact its composition. Unprocessed or short-duration soaking is recommended to maximize retention of proteins, lipids, and bioactive compounds, while prolonged blanching should be avoided due to nutrient leaching and thermal degradation. These findings support DLM’s potential as a sustainable, low-cost feed supplement, provided optimal processing techniques are employed.
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Forest biomass and carbon content of rubber-tree plantations in iyanomo rainforest ecosystem, nigeria
Deforestation leads to loss of carbon stocks from terrestrial ecosystems and emission of CO2 into the atmosphere, contributing significantly to the climate change problem. Afforestation has been advocated to augment the tree-deficit situation on the earth; but plantations of tree species that will provide both socio-economic and environmental benefits should be considered. This study, to determine whether rubber-tree plantations can provide carbon sinks for mitigating climate change, was conducted at Iyanomo where rubber-tree stands of different age levels and a reference natural forest stand were used as experimental treatments. From each of the rubber-tree stand, 1ha was marked out and sub-divided into 25 temporary plots (20 x 20 m2 quadrants), after which 4 permanent sampling plots were randomly selected. Also, from the reference natural forest, 1 ha marked out was sub-divided into 10 temporary plots (50 x 20 m2 quadrants) from which 4 permanent sampling plots were randomly selected to collect data including diameter at breast height (DBH) and total heights of trees. Soil samples from the natural forest and rubber-tree plantations were tested for organic carbon content, bulk density and particle size distribution. Results: organic carbon contents of soils under the rubber-tree plantations and the natural forest were not significantly different in the study area (P > 0.05). Total biomass carbon stock (214.2 Mg/ha) for rubber-tree plantation aged 25 years was comparable with that of the reference natural forest (212.7 Mg/ha). Conclusion: rubber-tree plantations, if well-managed on long rotation periods, can provide significant carbon sinks for mitigating climate change.
Treatment and characterization of domestic greywater using simple techniques for home-garden irrigation in samaru-zaria, nigeria
In response to increasing global water scarcity, greywater irrigation presents an innovative approach to conserving freshwater resources. This study evaluated the suitability of reusing domestic wastewater for home-garden irrigation. Five greywater sources—borehole, bathroom, washing machine, kitchen sink, and floor-cleaning water—and five locally available treatment media—coconut shell, sand, pebble, activated charcoal, and sawdust—were arranged in a completely randomized design, producing twenty-five treatments. Greywater treatment involved simple physical filtration using disposable plastic bottles with perforated bases. Ion concentrations analyzed included Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺, while pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) served as assessment indices. Bathroom greywater recorded the lowest SAR values (7.6–13), and pebble-treated greywater produced the lowest SAR among all treatments. Sodium exhibited the highest concentration across all greywater sources, following the trend Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > K⁺ > Mg²⁺. Sodium removal efficiencies ranged from 1.4% to 38.4%, with the highest removal observed in bathroom greywater treated with sand, and the lowest in kitchen-sink greywater treated with coconut shell. Findings indicate that the simple treatment methods performed best on greywater with relatively low ion concentrations. Although these low-cost techniques are practical and accessible, advanced treatment systems remain necessary for optimal greywater purification for irrigation. Nevertheless, in the absence of advanced systems, bathroom greywater treated with pebbles or sand can be safely utilized for home-garden irrigation.
Effect of palm oil mill effluent conditioned by organic amendments on physicochemical properties of selected soils in aluu, port harcourt.
Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is a high-strength organic waste that poses significant environmental risks, particularly in regions where untreated discharge into terrestrial ecosystems is common. This study evaluates the impact of POME amended with organic wastes on soil physicochemical properties. The pots each containing 10 kg of soil were laid out in a factorial fitted into a completely randomized design (CRD) - six treatments with six replications giving a total of 36 experimental units. Three seeds of Amaranthus Spp. were planted. Six treatments (poultry droppings, pig droppings, cow dung, poultry + cowdung + pig dropping, soil without POME and Soil with POME) were used, each applied at 20 tha-1. The soil samples were assessed for physicochemical properties after amendment. Physicochemical properties analyzed include pH, moisture content, hydraulic conductivity, organic carbon, total nitrogen and available phosphorus. There was a significant (P<0.05) increase in soil properties by the application of treatments to the raw POME. These parameters included soil pH (5.1–6.2), phosphorus (20.10–24.00 mg/kg), organic carbon (0.4–1.6%), hydraulic conductivity (1301.92–9598.45 mm/day), moisture content (18.50–51.15%). On average, POME amended with cow dung recorded the highest values among other treatments as follows: hydraulic conductivity = 9598.45, moisture content = 51.15%, pH = 6.2 and available phosphorus = 24.0 mg/kg. These values buttress the fact that the addition of organic waste to POME soil could improve soil quality and boost its fertility for agricultural productivity
Copyright (c) 2025 Henry I. Anozie, Onyinyechi J. Kamalu, Gogo J. Arthur (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Pangasius (pangasianodon hypophthalmus): can it become nigeria’s third cultured fish?
Pangasius, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus is an emerging fast-growing and one of the most significant freshwater aquaculture species globally. This fish originates from the Mekong River Delta in Vietnam. It has gained its popularity from its fast growth rate, efficient food conversion, adaptability to different farming regimes, and market dynamics. This fish species has enjoyed farm trials in different parts of Nigeria, but yet not to be fully cultured as a commercial fish food specie. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of Pangasius fish species as a suitable aquaculture fish species, that can join Tilapia and Catfish production in Nigeria. The paper elucidates the possibilities and robust considerations for the culture of this fish as the third possible aquaculture specie next to tilapia and catfish. Amongst these are, (a) the suitability of Nigeria’s various water conditions for its growth, (b) low feed cost, (c) available human experts in fish farming of different fish species in Nigeria. The paper shows some comparative analysis between catfish and Pangasius culture in Nigeria and highlights some of the culture difficulties. The paper suggested scientific and cultural solutions that will enhance profitable culture of Pangasius in Nigeria. Having Pangasius as Nigeria’s third economic fish species (after Tilapia and Catfish) has many advantages, which include, diversification of our aquaculture industry; expansion of our fish demand market and fish species diversification.
Household dependence on forest resources in rural enclave of ago-owu, osun state, nigeria
*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="request-691f20d8-40ec-8325-9458-7449fd931a3f-8" data-testid="conversation-turn-52" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> Forest ecosystems remain vital to rural households; however, growing socio-economic pressures and weak enforcement of conservation policies have intensified resource depletion in Nigeria. This study assessed household dependence on forest resources in Ago-Owu, Osun State, focusing on utilization patterns, socio-economic drivers, and conservation awareness. Data were obtained from 120 households using structured questionnaire, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and Pearson correlation tests. The results indicated active participation of both men (n = 68) and women (n = 52) in forest-related activities, with most respondents (43%) being middle-aged (31-50 years). Educational attainment was generally low, as 62% had no formal education or only primary schooling. Most (76%) households earned between ₦200 000 and ₦400 000 (USD$ 130-270) annually. In addition, bush meat (n= 44) and fuel wood (n= 38) were the most utilized forest products, primarily for household needs (61%) such as cooking fuel, food, and shelter. Household size (r = 0.42, p < 0.05) correlated positively with forest dependence, while income (χ2= 34.612, p= 0.001) and education level (χ2= 9.434; p= 0.001) were significant determinants of resource reliance. Although, general awareness of conservation laws was moderate (58%), adoption of sustainable practices was low, with only 23% of respondents involved in tree planting and/or selective harvesting. The findings highlight the socio-economic importance of forest resources in sustaining rural households and emphasizes the need for livelihood diversification, improved forest governance, and enhanced environmental education in Ago-Owu and/or similar contexts.
Assessment of poverty status among cocoa farmers in etung local government area, cross river state, nigeria
*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="request-691f20d8-40ec-8325-9458-7449fd931a3f-5" data-testid="conversation-turn-50" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> This study assessed the poverty status of cocoa farmers in Etung Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study estimated the food and non-food expenditure of farmers, analyzed their poverty levels, and determined the factors influencing poverty. A multistage sampling procedure was employed to select 98 cocoa farmers, and primary data were obtained through structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) poverty indices, and inferential statistics. The results showed that majority (74.5%) of the respondents were male, with a mean age of 43.8 years. About 44.9% were married, with mean household size of 5 persons. The poverty headcount index was 0.327, indicating that about 33% of the farmers lived below the poverty line. The poverty gap and severity were 0.326 and 0.035, respectively, suggesting significant shortfalls in income and inequality among the poor. Logistic regression analysis revealed that age, household size, income, farm size, access to credit, and land ownership significantly influenced poverty status. The study concludes that poverty is prevalent among cocoa farmers in the area, and recommends policies aimed at improving access to credit, promoting farm expansion, and implementing social welfare programs to alleviate poverty and improve livelihoods.
Bioremediation of palm oil mill effluent (pome) contaminated soil using organic amendments
*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="1c474e62-ee5e-4c83-b52d-166e304f4868" data-testid="conversation-turn-48" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is a high-strength organic waste that poses significant environmental risks, particularly in regions where untreated discharge into terrestrial ecosystems is common. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of organic waste on bioremediation of POME. The study was a factorial experiment laid out in a completely randomized design, consisting of four treatments and two control (soil only and soil amended with POME) with six replications. Standard dilution methods were used for the isolation of bacteria and fungi. The estimation of colony forming unit per mL (cfu g-1) was assessed using 10-fold serial dilution method. The physiochemical parameters analyzed were pH, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand and total organic content using standard laboratory procedures. The results showed that the pH values of POME treated with organic amendment (6.2) was significantly higher at P˂0.05 than that of unamended POME (5.1). The organic carbon in POME amended with organic waste (1.6 %) was statistically higher at P˂0.05 than that of unamended POME (0.4 %). The BOD of the unamended POME (147.61 mg/kg) was statistically higher at P˂0.05 than combined organic amendment (123.59 mg/kg). The results indicate that combining organic treatments is more effective than single dosage in bioremediation of POME contamination. This study provides critical localized data on POME-induced soil alterations, informing future remediation strategies aimed at sustainable agro-industrial practices. Effective management of POME discharge is essential to safeguard soil health, agricultural productivity, and environmental quality in palm oil-producing regions.
Effect of sundried dandelion (taraxacum officinale) leaf meal (dlm) on growth performance, carcass traits and haematological indices of weaned rabbits
This study evaluated the effect of sun-dried dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) leaf meal (DLM) on the growth performance, carcass traits and haematological indices of weaned rabbits. Using a completely randomized design (CRD), a total of 27 weaned rabbits with a mean initial body weight of 588.75 g, were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments: T1 (0 g/kg DLM), T2 (10 g/kg DLM), and T3 (20 g/kg DLM), with each treatment having three replicates. Growth was monitored; carcass and blood indices were also determined. The feeding trial lasted for sixty-three days and the data were analyzed using one -way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The significant means were compared using the Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT). Result showed that rabbits fed 10 g/kg DLM (T2) diet exhibited significantly (p<0.05) higher final body weight (1657.00 g/rabbit), average daily weight gain (16.96 g/rabbit), and best feed conversion ratio (8.29), relative to other groups. Furthermore, rabbits on T2 showed the highest (p<0.05) live and eviscerated weights, 1540.87 and 892.00 g/rabbit, respectively. The relative cut-up parts: hind limbs, forelimbs, loin, back cut, and rack were statistically similar across the treatments. Haematological assay revealed that rabbits fed 10 g/kg DLM diet had higher (p<0.05) packed cell volume (42 42.00 %) and white blood cell counts (9.40× 10⁹/L). All haematological values remained within normal physiological limits, indicating no negative health effects from DLM inclusion. Incorporating 10 g/kg DLM in weaned rabbit diets enhanced growth, carcass traits, and blood profile. This level is recommended for practical feeding, while further research should assess long-term and reproductive effects on rabbits.
Influence of socio-economic factors on financial inclusion among rice farmers in ikwo local government area, ebonyi state, nigeria
*]:pointer-events-auto [content-visibility:auto] supports-[content-visibility:auto]:[contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="b563d5d7-c67b-4cc8-b363-5c96a5275e05" data-testid="conversation-turn-44" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> This study analyzed the influence of socio-economic factors on financial inclusion among rice farmers in Ikwo Local Government Area, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to assess the level of financial inclusion, analyze the determinants of financial inclusion, and identify the constraints militating against financial inclusion among rice farmers in the study area. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 96 respondents from a list of registered rice farmers. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Findings revealed a high level of financial inclusion among rice farmers, since majority of them (85%) owned a bank account and had access to formal financial services. The results equally showed that educational level, farming experience, farm size, and income were positive and significant factors influencing financial inclusion. Age was significant and negatively influence financial inclusion. However, high interest rates (3.7396), insufficient collateral (3.6146), and a lack of financial institutions (3.4792) were constraints militating against financial inclusion. In view of these findings, the study, therefore, recommends that stakeholders and the government should establish commercial bank branches in the study area and ensure that rice farmers access loans at concessionary interest rates. Also, there is a need to implement community-based training to educate farmers about financial services, loan processes, and credit management to increase awareness and understanding.