Heavy metals and pollution assessment in soils around major dumps in Akwa Ibom State
Article Sidebar
Abstract Views | Downloads: 0 / 2
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the status of lead (Pb), arsenic (As), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) in soils around the main dumps in Uyo, Eket and Ikot Abasi urbans in Akwa Ibom State and to assess the levels of contamination/pollution of the soils by the heavy metals. Nine composite samples were collected from the soils at 0 - 20 cm depth - three from each location. At each location, the soil samples were taken about 30, 60 and 90 m away from the dump and were designated A, B and C respectively. The concentrations of the heavy metals in the soil samples were extracted with 0.1 M HCl and measured by atomic spectrophotometry. Results showed that the concentrations of Pb (4.52 - 18.96 mgkg-1), As (0.53 - 5.03 mgkg-1), Cu (5.44 - 26.12 mgkg-1), Cd (2.46 - 11.62 mgkg-1) and Hg (0.01 - 3.81 mgkg-1) were all less than the USEPA/NESREA maximum permissible limits for agricultural soils, but much higher than the WHO maximum safe limits for agricultural soils. All the soils were polluted by the heavy metals and Cd and Hg contributed mostly to the pollution, as indicated by the pollution index (PI) and pollution load index (PLI) values.
Downloads
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Adelekan, B.A. and Alawode, A.O. (2011). Contributions of municipal refuse dumps to heavy metals concentrations in soil profile and groundwater in Ibadan Nigeria. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 40: 2727-2737.
Afolayan, A. O. (2018). Accumulation of heavy netals from battery waste in topsoil, surface water and garden grown maize at Omilende
Area, Olode, Nigeria. Global Challenges, 2(3): 83 – 91.
Chapman, P. M. (2007). Determining when contamination is pollution – weight of evidence determinations for sediments and effluents. Environ Int., 33(4): 492 - 501.
Chibuike, G. U. and Obiora, S. C. (2014). Heavy metal polluted soils: effect on plants and bioremediation methods. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 2(3): 45 – 53.
Ebong, G.A., Akpan, M. M. and Mkpenie, V.N. (2008). Heavy metal contents of municipal and rural dumpsite soils and rate of accumulation by Carica Papaya and Talinumtriangulare in Uyo, Nigeria. Environmental Journal of Chemistry, 5: 281-290.
FAO/WHO (2011). Codex Alimentaridus Commision on Food Standards Programme. Codex Committee on Contaminated Foods, 5
th Session, The Hague, Netherlands CF5INF/1.
Jhothi, M., Srinivasarao, D., Swarnalatha, G. and Sudhakar, G. (2017). Assessment of heavy metals contents insurface and subsurface soil samples in waste dumpsites of Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 4(3): 2420 – 2428.
Jung, M. C. (2008). Heavy metal concentrations in soils and factors affecting metal uptake by plants in the vicinity of a Korean Cu-W mine.
Sensors (Basel), 8(4): 2413 - 2423.
Kabata-Pendias, A. (2011). Trace elements of soils and plants (4th ed., pp. 28 534). Boca Raton: CRK Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
Kanmani, S. and Gandhimathi, R. (2013). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soil due to leachate migration from an open dumping site. Applied Water Science, 3: 193-205.
Kowalska, J. B., Mazurek, R., Gasiorek, M. and Zaleski, T. (2018). Pollution indeces as useful tools for the comprehensive evaluation of the degree of soil contamination – a review. Environmental Geochemistry and Health40(6): 2395 – 2420.
Masindi, V. and Muedi, K. (2018). Environmental contamination by heavy metals. In book: Heavy Metals. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen, 76082.
Petters, S. W. J., Usoro, E. J., Udo, E. J., Obot, U.
W. and Okpon, S. N. (1989). AkwaIbom State: Physical Background, Soils, Land Use and Ecological Problems (Technical Report of the Task Force on Soil and Land Use Survey). Government Printer, Uyo. 602p.
Pratt, S. E. (2014). Arsenic levels in Ohio soils exceed regulatory standards. Earthmagazine.org.
Raffa, C. M., Chiampio, F. and Shanthakumar, S. (2021). Remediation of metal/metalloidpolluted soils: a short review. Applied Sciences,2: 123 – 132.
Tahar, K. and Keltoum, B. (2011). Effects of heavy metals pollution in soil and plant in the industrial area. West Algerian Journal of Korean Chemical Society, 55: 1018-1023.
Udo, E. J., T. O. Ibia, J. A. Ogunwale, A. O. Ano and I. E. Esu (2009). Manual of Soil, Plant and Water Analysis. Sibon Book Ltd. Lagos.
Ukpong, E. C., Antigha, R. E. and Moses, E. O. (2013). Assessment of heavy metals content in soils and plants around waste dumpsites in Uyo Metropolis, Akwa Ibom State. International Journal of Engineering and Science 2 (7): 75 – 86.
Zhang, M. K., Liu, Z. Y. and Wang, H. (2010). Use of single extraction methods to predict bioavailability of heavy metals in polluted soils to rice. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 41(7): 820 – 831